  Gen info
• Sapindaceae family includes about 125 genera and more than 1000 species of shrubs and trees. In the Philippines, there are 33 genera and 124 species belonging to the family.
•
Rambutan is a medium-sized tropical tree in the family Sapindaceae.
• In the 13th to 15th centuries, Arab traders introduced rambutans to Zanzibar and Pemba of East Africa, subsequently spreading to tropical Americas. In 1912, rambutans were introduced to the Philippines from Indonesia. (53)
• Etymology: Rambutan is derived from the Malay word rambut meaning "hair" referring to the many hairy protuberances of the fruits. In Vietnam, they are called chom chom meaning "messy hair". (53) The genus name Nephelium derives from Greek, meaning "a little cloud", while the specific epithet lappaceum derives from Latin lappaceus, meaning burr-like, referring to the fruit appendages. (55)
• There are over 200 cultivars developed from selected clones from tropical Asia.
• Cultivars from Jakarta, Indonesia were introduced and eventually set up in commercial orchards, notably in Laguna, Davao, Oriental Mindoro, and Bukidnon. These cultivars are Seematjan, Seenjonja, and Maharlika, now grown in commercial scale in many parts of the Philippines.
A 2010 report revealed a total area of 5,743.08 hectares planted to rambutan with a volume production of 12,743.16 metric tonnes. Among the 16 regions, Calabarzone and Soccksargen ranked first and second. (59)
• In the Quezon/Tagalog area, two cultivars are distinguished by their seed: Supsupin: The fruit and seed are difficult to separate, its runny juice and the pulp needing vigorous sucking from cracked fruit; Tuklapin (Maharlika), the fruit variety with the pulp and seed easily separating from the rind, the the pulp cleanly separating from the seed. (53) RR is a recent variety of Tuklapin, said to be more delicious, but also more expensive.
• As of 2014; Thailand was the largest producer of rambutans, growing 450,000 tonnes, followed by Indonesia at 100,000 tons, and Malaysia at 60,000 tonnes.
(53)
 Botany
• Rambutan is an evergreen, bushy tree, growing
to a height of 20 meters, with a dense, low, round and spreading
crown. Leaves are pinnately compound, 15 to 40 centimeters long, with
3 to 8 leaflets. The leaflets are elliptic, 7.5 to 20 centimeters long, and
3.5 to 8 centimeters wide. Flowers are greenish white, fragrant, very
small, without petals, and borne on axillary panicles. Fruit is oblong,
4 to 5 centimeters long, red to yellow, covered with thick, coarse hairs
or soft spines. Pulp is edible, white, opaque, translucent, juicy
and sweet.
• Nephelium lappaceum is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 15–24 meters (49–79 ft). Leaves are alternate, 14–30 cm long, pinnate, with three to 11 leaflets, each leaflet 5–15 cm wide and 3–10 cm broad, with an entire margin. Flowers are small, 2.5–5 mm, apetalous, discoidal, and borne in erect terminal panicles 15–30 cm wide. Trees can be male (producing only staminate flowers and, hence, produce no fruit), female (producing flowers that are only functionally female), or hermaphroditic (producing flowers that are female with a small percentage of male flowers). Fruit is a round to oval single-seeded drupe, 3–6 cm (rarely to 8 cm) long and 3–4 cm broad, borne in a loose pendant cluster of 10–20 together. Skin is leathery, reddish (rarely orange or yellow) and covered with fleshy pliable spines, hence the name, which means 'hairs'. Spines (also known as "spinterns") contribute to the transpiration of the fruit, which can affect the fruit's quality. Fruit flesh, the aril, is translucent, whitish, or very pale pink, with a sweet, mildly acidic flavor reminiscent of grapes. Single seed is glossy brown, 1–1.3 cm, with a white basal scar. (53)
Distribution
- Native to the Philippines. (33)
- Also published as introduced from Indonesia.
-
Cultivated in most parts of
the Philippines.
- Also native to Borneo, China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan, Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam. (33)
Constituents
• Seeds yield 40-48 % rambutan
tallow. The insoluble fatty acids of the tallow contain about 45 percent
oleic acid. The tallow contains abundant arachin, some stearin and olein.
-
The seeds have traces of an alkaloid, sugar 1.25%, starch 25%, and ash 2%.
- Flesh or pulp of the fruit yields saccharose 7.8^%, dextrose 2.25%, levulose 1.25%,
- Fruit contains fat 35%, ash 2%, vitamin C 4%.
- The shoots yield saponin.
 -The testa of the seed is toxic
due to the presence of Nephelium saponin and tannin.
- Methanolic extract of peels isolated ellagic acid (1), corilagin (2), and geraniin (3). The compounds accounted for 69.3% of the ME, with geraniin (56.8%) as the major component. (see study below) (6)
- Seeds were abundant in fats (38.9%); protein and carbohydrates were 12.4% and 48% respectively. Seed oil showed an acid value of 0.37%; iodine value, 37.64%; and saponification value, 157.07. Major fatty acids were oleic acid (40.45%) and arachidic acid (36.36%). AOO (arachidoyl-dioleoylglycerol) was the major triacylglycerol compound of rambutan seed oil (49.84%). (24)
- Analysis for anti-nutrient components yielded saponin, alkaloid, hydrocyanic acid, phenols, oxalate, tannins, phytates on fresh and dried samples of pulp, seeds, and rind.
(see study below) (25)
- Analysis showed the seeds to be abundant in fats (38.9%); protein was 12.4% and carbohydrate 48%. Seed oil analysis showed acid value (0.37%), iodine value (37.64%), and saponification value 157.07. Major fatty acids were oleic acid (40.45%) and arachidic acid (36.36%). Triacylglycerol analysis of the seed oil showed AOO (arachidoyl-dioleoylglycerol) as the major compound (49.84%).
(29)
- Nutritive analysis analysis of fruit yielded 84 calories per 100 gram serving; fat, 0.1 gram per serving; protein, 0.7-0.9 grams; carbohydrates, 14-14.5 grams.
- Nutrient analysis of seed and seed oil yielded oil content 38.90 ± 0.32%, proteins 12.40 ± 0.22%, carbohydrate 48.10 ± 0.65%, ash 2.26 ± 0.42%, moisture 3.31 ± 0.43%, water activity 0.73 ± 0.001, saponification value 157.07 ± 3.70 SV, iodine value 37.64 ± 0.59, free fatty acid 0.37 ± 0.16. (36)
- Study on mineral content of seed oil in µg/gm yielded Mg 51.01 ± 1.80, Mn 1.62 ± 0.30, Ni 0.24 ± 0.001, Cu 0.83 ± 0.04, Zn 40.61 ± 0.70, Ca 160.31 ± 7.90, Fe 24.77 ± 4.10. (36)
- Fruit peel extract contents include geraniin, ellagic acid, quercetin, rutin, corilagin, ethyl gallate, gallic acid, and epigalocatechin-3-galate. Geraniin is the largest constituent compound. (60)
Properties
• Fruit is considered astringent, stomachic, vermifuge, febrifuge.
- Seeds reported as bitter and narcotic.
- Studies have shown
antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiproliferative, biosorbent, antiadipogenesis, anti-mutagenic, antiviral, properties.
Parts
utilized
Roots, leaves and bark.
Uses
Edibility
- Fruits are succulent. (see nutritive analysis above) (36)
- Fruits have a short shelf-life; commonly used for making jams and jellies, or canned.
- While seeds are considered waste product of processing, they are edible, roasted or baked.
- The
sarcotesta is sweet-tasting, rich in vitamin C (22-47 mg/100g in Hawaii-grown cultivars). It is eaten fresh, canned in syrup, cooked in stew, or dehydrated as chips. (55)
 Folkloric
- The Malays use a decoction of roots for fevers; the leaves for poulticing, and the bark as astringent for diseases of the tongue.
- Fruit decoction used for diarrhea and dysentery.
- Edible pulp (aril) is used as an refrigerant in fevers.
- In China, fruit is recommended for severe dysentery, and as a warm carminative in "cold" dyspepsia.
- In Malaya, astringent bark is used as remedy for thrush. Decoction of roots taken as febrifuge. source
Others
• Oil: Seed used to extract oil.
• Wood: Wood is moderately hard to very hard, strong, and tough. Generally resistant to insect attacks. Wood is easy to work with and can be finished well. (48)
• Tannin or dyestuff: Young shoots produce a green color on silk that is first dyed yellow with tumeric. Leaves are used, together with mud, to produced an impermanent black dye. (48)
• Wax: The seed kernel can be used for the production of tallow, a solid fat similar to cacao butter, which is used for soap and candles. (48)
Studies
• Antioxidant / Antibacterial:
Study yielded high amounts of phenolic compounds in the peel extracts, highest in the methanolic extract, exhibiting higher antioxidant activity than the seed extracts. All peel extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against five pathogenic bacteria. (1)
• Phytochemicals / Monoterpene Lactones: Study isolated two new diasteromeric monoterpene lactones 1
and 2. Both underwent antimicrobial testing. (2)
• Antioxidant in Rinds:
The normally discarded rind was found to have extremely high antioxidant
activity. The study of the extract revealed high phenolic content, low
pro-oxidant capacity and strong antioxidant activity with cosmetic,
nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potentials. (3)
• Antiviral / Anti-Herpes:
Tested for anti HSV-1 virus activity, N lappaceum significantly affected
the development of skin lesions and reduced mortality. (4)
• Cancer Chemopreventive / Waste Product / Rind:
Study of NL extract showed an antiproliferative effect associated with apoptosis. The extract induced G2/M arrest of HOS indicating inhibition of cell cycle progression as one of the mechanisms. Extract was non-cytotoxic to normal cells at its inhibitory concentration. The study showed a potential for the rind, an underutilized waste product of Nephelium lappaceum.| (5)
• Antioxidant in Peels / Elliagitannins:
The methanolic extract of NL peels exhibited strong antioxidant properties. Study isolated ellagic acid, corilagin, and geraniin. Geraniin was the major (56.8%) was the major component, and exhibited much greater antioxidant activities than BHT in both lipid peroxidation (77-186 fold) and DPPH (42-87 fold) assays. The ellagitannins, principal components of rambutan peels present as potential for utilization in both food and medical industry. (see constituents above) (6)
• Fatty Acid Synthase / Potential Cancer and Obesity Therapeutics:
Natural products inhibiting fatty acid synthase are potential therapeutic agents to treat cancer and obesity. Study isolated 10 compounds in NL, including flavonoids and oleane-type triterpene oligoglycosides. Compounds 8 and 9 were hederagenin derivatives. The isolates showed inhibitory activity against FAS. Results suggest the hulls of NL may be a potential source of promising FAS inhibitors. (7)
• Anthocyanins / Antioxidant:
Anthocyanins, known to possess high antioxidant activity, were extracted from rambutan pericarp tissue. However, the pericarp tissue is usually discarded as waste. Results suggest a potential for extraction of health-beneficial bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, with potential benefit to the rambutan industry. (8)
• Seed and Seed Oil / Physiochemical and Nutritional Composition:
Seeds were found abundant in fats (38.(%), protein (12.4%), carbohydrate (48%). Seed oil yielded oleic acid (40.45%) and arachidic acid (36.36%) as major fatty acid. Results showed rambutan seed is a potential source of oil or carbohydrate for the human diet and for food product application. (9)
• Geraniin / Anti-Hyperglycemic: Study described rapid isolated of geraniin. In addition to high antioxidant activity and low pro-oxidant capability, geraniin showed in vitro hypoglycemic activity and aldol reductase inhibition activity, and was able to prevent the formation of advanced glycation end-products. Results support the used of a geraniin-standardized N. lappaceum extract for the management of hyperglycemia. (10)
• Seed Waste as Source of Fat: Study reported that the seed kernel of rambutan, a product generally considered waste material, can be used as a sustainable source of fats. Seed kernels yield a considerable amount of fat and high arachidic acid that makes the fat highly stable to oxidation, and a potential source of industry fats. (12) (13)
• Ellagitannins / Antioxidant: Study isolated ellagitanins (1) ellagic acid (2) corilagin and (3) geraniin. Geraniin was the major component, exhibiting much greater antioxidant activities than BHT in both lipid peroxidation and DPPH assay. Results suggest use of the isolated ellagitannins from the peels for both medicine and food industry.
• New Hederagenin Glycoside: A new oleane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, hederagenin 3-O-(3-O-acetyl-i-D-xylopyranosyl)-(13)-h- L-arabinopyranoside, together with four known compounds, was isolated from the hull of Nephelium lappaceum. (14)
• Fruit Rind Safety / Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Potential: Studies have suggested the fruit rind can be considered an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants and antibacterial agent. Study of ethanol extract showed no toxicity in doses up to 5g/kg. Results suggest rambutan rind extract should be safe for use in cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. (16)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Rind / Collagen-Induced Arthritis: Study evaluated the protective efficacy of an ethanol extract of N. lappaceum rind against collagen-induced arthritis in rats. N. lappaceum rind extract showed significant and dose-dependent suppression of the physiological, biochemical and histopathological changes produced during collagen-induced arthritis in rats. N. lappaceum extract supplementation may be beneficial in preventing the tissue damage and inflammatory conditions in arthritis. (17)
• Thermal Properties of Monoglycerides / Natural Source of Saturated and Monosaturated Fatty Acids: Paper studied the transformations of reserve lipids of species of Nephelium lappaceum, exploring the transition from native triglycerides to pure monglycerides. Results suggest useful applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. (18)
• Hepatoprotective / Rind: Study evaluated the protective effect of a rind extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicities in mice. Results showed a hepatoprotective effect through improvement of GSH content. (19)
• Antibacterial / Rind: Study evaluated the antibacterial activity of rambutan rinds and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against pathogenic bacteria. Results showed crude extracts to have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity , with greatest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus. (20)
• Antidiabetic / Seed Infusion: Study evaluated the effect of rambutan seed infusion on blood sugar levels and body weight of mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. Results showed significant reduction in blood glucose and body weight of mice. The effect was comparable to glibenclamide.(21)
• Antiproliferative / Breast, Cervical and Osteosarcoma Cancer Cell Lines: A methanolic yellow NLPE showed most potent cytotoxic activity against several tested cancerous cell line. The yellow NLPE may represent an experimental therapeutic approach for breast cancer treatment. (22)
• Biocoagulant / Seed / Turbidity Removal: Study evaluated the ability of coagulation performance of rambutan seed in comparison to alum for potential use in turbidity removal in water and wastewater treatment industry. 1 M NaCl was an effective solvent for extracting the active coagulant agent in rambutan seed, with about 99 % turbidity removal. Results suggest a potential for using rambutan biomass as biocoagulant. (23)
• Seed and Seed Oil Composition: Study showed rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) seed is a potential source of oil or carbohydrate for the human diet and also for food product application. (See constituents above) (24)
• Anti-Nutrient Contents / Pulp, Seeds and Rind: Study for anti-nutrient content of pulp, seeds, and rind of N. lappaceum yielded saponin, alkaloid, hydrocyanic acid, phenols, oxalate, tannins, phytates. The anti-nutrient constituents were in small insignificant amounts in all parts of the fruit. Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, and phenol were significantly high in the rind while phytate and oxalate were significantly high in the seeds. (25)
• Antibacterial / Seeds: Study evaluated the antibacterial activity of aqueous seed extracts of Nephelium lappaceum and Litchi chinensis. Both extracts showed moderate inhibition against pathogenic bacteria viz. gram positive ( Staphylococcus aureus, S. pyogenes and Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) bacteria. (26)
• Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Studies / Rind: Study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract in male Wistar rats. In acute toxicity study, the LD50 was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg of RRE. In sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or sign of toxicity was found up to 1000 mg/kg/day of RRE. (27)
• Polyphenol Oxidase / Peel: Polyphenol oxidase is a common copper containing enzyme responsible for melanization in animals and browning in plants. Among the most effective inhibitor for the enzyme with 10mM catechol as substrate was ascorbic acid. (28)
• Seed and Seed Oil: Study analyzed the physiochemical and nutritional composition of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. Results suggest rambutan seed has the potential as a source of oil or carbohydrate for the human diet and food application. (see constituents above) (29)
• Inhibitory Potential on Adipogenesis / Seeds: Study evaluated the phytochemical content and inhibitory potential of rambutan seeds extract and fractions on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), α-glucosidase, and triglyceride activities ex vivo in 3T3-L1 cell line (pre-adipocytes) for antidiabetic and antidiapogenesis agent screening. Results showed the seed extract and hexane fraction to possess inhibitory potential on G6PDH and α-glucosidase as well as TG level. (30)
• Cocoa Butter Substitute / Seed Fat: Study is an overview of the compositional data of Nephelium lappaceum and rambutan seed fat for usage in chocolate product. Study suggests rambutan seed fat can be used as substitute in cocoa butter chocolate products. The extracted fat from the seed can be used for manufacturing candles, soaps, and fuels; also, as a possible source of natural edible fat. (32)
Study showed the fat composition of rambutan seeds ranges from 14 to 41 g/100g. Study has shown that rambutan has a comparatively high quantity of fat, ranging from 17 to 39% (Morton, 1987; Zee, 1993). The seed's extracted fat can be a source of organic dietary fat suitable for the industry. When temperatures are low, the seed fat has a softer consistency than cocoa butter, and when temperatures are high, it becomes harder. Also, as a softer filling fat compatible with cocoa butter, rambutan fat is useful in the production of filled chocolate. (52)
• Antioxidant from Peel Waste: Study reports on the extraction of one of its bioactive compounds, geraniin, a polyphenol compound from the rambutan peel (red or yellow). The highest total phenolic content was found in red rambutan variety at 1:15 g/mL ratio. On antioxidant evaluation, FRAP ranged from 3800.25 ± 86.49 to 4115.5 ± 88.41 (µmol Fe2+/g DW), flavonoid 6.41 ± 0.48 to 8.57 ± 0.35 (mg Quercetin/g DW) and total phenolic recovery of 297.78 ± 4.06 to 358.42 ± 4.63 (mg GAE/g DW). (34)
• Rambutan Peel Fiber: Study evaluated the potential of rambutan peel as a source of lignocellulose for technological applications. The abundant, renewable, and low-cost biomass proved to be a good source of lignocellulosic material for commercial applications, for example, in bionanocomposites. (35)
• Antioxidant / Stabilization of Sunflower Oil / Peels: Study showed the extract of peels can be used as alternative source of antioxidants for stabilization of sunflower oil. Rambutan extract showed to be a potential source of antioxidant in the oil industry or other fat-based products to delay lipid peroxidation. (37)
• Rambutan Honey / Acute Toxicity Study / Flowers: Rambutan honey is honey obtained from rambutan flowers nectar used in traditional medicine for oral mucosal wounds. Acute oral toxicity study at various doses from 625 to 5000 mg/kg showed the honey to be safe and practically non-toxic in male and female Swiss Webster mice. (38)
• Biosorbent / Methylene Blue / Peel: Study evaluated use of rambutan skin for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water sample. Results showed rambutan skin could be an alternative low-cost biosorbent for the removal of cationic dye from textile industrial effluent. (39)
• Antidiabetic / Antihypercholesterolemic / Fruit Peels: Study evaluated the antidiabetc and antihypercholesterolemic activities of rambutan (N. lappaceum) and durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit peel extracts in high-fat diet fed and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rambutan fruit peels showed a higher percentage of reduction in blood glucose and cholesterol values with 61.76 ± 4.26% and 60.75 ± 8.26%, respectively. (40)
• Effect on Lipid Peroxidation and Accumulation in Liver: Study evaluated the effect of rambutan peel extract on lipid peroxidation and accumulation in the liver of obese male Wistar rats through parameters of MDA expression and PPARy expression. Results showed significant decrease in MDA levels with not significant down-regulation of PPARy expression. (41)
• Antiradical Activities / Peels: Study evaluated the antiradical activities of methanolic extract and its fractions of rambutan peel from two cultivars. The ME and fractions of the two cultivars exhibited strong DPPH antiradical activities. The antiradical activities correlated with phenolics and flavonoid contents with R2 values of 0.0271 and 0,1122, respectively. (42)
• Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory / CNS-Depressant / Antidiarrheal / Seeds: Study of methanolic extract of seeds showed potent (51.27%) activity against acetic acid induced pain in mice, compared to 58.86% inhibition by indomethacin. The ME extract showed significant inhibition o(p<0.05) inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema. On evaluation for CNS depressant activity using hole cross and open field tests, there was maximum 88.09% and 85.94% suppression of locomotor activity. On anti-diarrheal testing, the ME exhibited significant inhibition of fecal dropping in castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice, 53.46% and p<0.001 compared to loperamide at 56.43% inhibition of defecation. (43)
• Invention / Cosmetic Application / Increase Firmness of Skin and Mucous Membranes: Invention relates to the use of various extracts of N. lappaceum to increase the firmness and / or elasticity of the skin and / or mucous membranes by increasing the gene expression and / or protein of type 1 collagen or fibrillin 1 in the skin and mucous membranes.(44)
• Hypoglycemic / Antioxidant / Seeds: Study evaluated the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of Hephelium lappaceum seed extract and fractions. The seed extract and fractions showed high superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant value but low DPPH scavenging activity. The extract showed hypoglycemic effect with the NLS showing highest activity as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. (45)
• Hypoglycemic / Decrease Body Weight / Leaves: Study evaluated ethanol extract of N. lappaceum leaves for anti-diabetes and anti-obesity properties in obese and insulin resistant animals. Parameters measured were body weight, food index, feces index, and blood glucose levels. Results showed the rambutan leaf ethanol extract decreased body weight and blood glucose levels in rats. (46)
• Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds / Husk: Study reported on the ultrasound-assisted extraction and recovery of antioxidant polyphenolic compounds from the husk. The Mexican variety husk is an important source of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity with potential application for the treatment and prevention of diseases related to cancer and pathogenic microorganisms. (47)
• Seed Flour Produced by Fat Extraction: Seeds are waste byproduct from fresh consumption to fruit canning industry. The seed waste contains high amounts of fat (14-41%) and carbohydrate (28-46%). This study sought to produce flour from rambutan seeds by fat extraction with SC-CO2. Defatted rambutan seed flour contained high protein and carbohydrate, similar to all purpose wheat flour. Oral toxicity study showed the flour to be safe for consumption. Results suggest the defatted rambutan seed flour could potentially be used as a food ingredients in development of confectionery products. (49)
• Antibacterial to MRSA / Peel: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most common bacteria causing nosocomial infections with high levels of resistance to available antibiotics. Study evaluated the antibacterial activity, MIC and MBC using agar diffusion method. The activity strength of tetracycline against the extract was 1:50. Results suggest rambutan Binjai peel extract had great potency as antibacterial agent to MRSA. (50)
• Increase Shelf Life of Food Products / Peel: One of the main causes of quality loss in edible oil is oxidative rancidity. Oils are supplemented with various artificial antioxidants to extend shelf life and to maintain flavor. In the study, peel ethanolic extract and safflower oil was added in place of butylated-hydroxyanisole (BHA) and tocopherols. The extract greatly increased the oil's oxidative stability compared to control, outperformed tocopherol, and just as effective as BHA (Mei et al., 2014) (52)
• Anti-Mutagenic / Flavonoid Extract / Leaves: Mutagens such as radiation or chemical substances can cause genetic mutations in the body, and DNA changes caused by mutagens may harm cells and results in cancer. Study evaluated leaves containing flavonoids and tested for anti-mutagenicity via Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium TA100. The N. lappaceum flavonoid extract showed anti-mutagenic effects. Concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mg of plant extract were comparable with 0.5 mg gallic acid, a potent anti-mutagenic agent. Results suggest potential for a more natural and cost-efficient treatment regiment for the management of cancer. (54)
• Formulation of Syrup Preparation from Leaf Extract / Propylene Glycol: Flavonoids are compounds that can reduce glucose levels. Rambutan leaves contain flavanoids. Study evaluated the production or syrup for diabetes treatment using propylene glycol as cosolvent with concentrations of 0, 11, 12, and 13%, using measures viz. organoleptic, homogeneity, BJ, pH, viscosity, displaced volume, and acceptability. Results showed the addition of propylene glycol provide a positive sweet taste-effect. The concentration of propylene glycol of 115 produced a leaf extract preparation with best physical stability. (56)
• Comparative Antibacterial Effect / Rambutan Leaf Extract and Tin Leaf Extract (Ficus carica) to Strep. mutans: Streptococcus mutans is a microorganism with a role in the formation of dental caries. Study compared the antibacterial effects of rambutan and tin leaves on bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Results showed concentration dependent effect. The rambutan leaf extract exhibited more optimal antibacterial effect than the tin leaf extract. (57)
• Hair Dye Colors / Leaves: Rambutan leaves can be used as a natural hair dye. Leaves contain tannins and saponins, and tannins can produce yellow, brown, to golden colors. Study evaluated the formulation of the simplex powder or rambutan leaves with various concentrations as a hair blackener with additional ingredients of pyrogallol and copper (II) sulfate. Formula F2 5% showed the resulting colors were stable at 1, 5, 10, and 15 washings, stable against sun exposure, and did not cause irritation of the skin. Results suggest Rambutan leaf powder with the addition of pyrogallol and copper (II) sulfate can be formulated into hair dye preparations to provide a black color at concentration of 5% rambutan leaf powder (formula F2). (61)
• Analgesic / Seeds: Rambutan seeds contain compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which are known to have analgesic activity. Study evaluated a 70% ethanol extract of seed for analgesic activity on male white mice using doses of 37.5, 75, and 150 mg/20g BW. Negative control groups were given 1% N-CMC suspension, and positive control give paracetamol 1.3 mg/20g BW. Stretching of the mice was observed for up to 60 minutes, and the average stretch was obtained and analyzed by ANOVA and LSD test. The effective dose was75 mg/20g BW. (62)
• Antibacterial Efficacy of Nanoparticles Compared to Microparticles / Peels: Study compared the efficacy of rambutan peel extracts (RPEs) in microparticles with nanoparticles against oral bacteria i.e. Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activities were tested by disc diffusion method. GC-MS results showed both microparticles and nanoparticle RPEs contained oleic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and decanoic acid, with a higher percentage of oleic acid in RPEs nanoparticles. Tukey HSD test showed significant differences in effectiveness of RPEs in nanoparticles groups compared to microparticles, 62.5 mg/ml against S. mutans (p<0.05) and S. aureus (p<0.05). Rpes were more effective in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus than Streptococcus mutans. (63)
• Antibacterial Liquid Soap against Staphylococcus aureus / Peels: Study evaluated the utilization of rambutan peel waste into a liquid soap preparation and antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Testing by well diffusion method with liquid soap concentrations of 20, 40 and 60% positive control evaluated parameters of organoleptic characteristic, homogeneity, pH, and foam height. The rambutan peel extract showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Results showed best concentration of 60%, which had antibacterial activity against S. aureus. (64)
Availability
- Wildcrafted.
-
Cultivated. |
