Gen info
- Etymology: The genus name Xylocarpus derives from Latin meaning woody, referring to the large and distinctly woody fruit and seeds of the genus.
- The common name "puzzlenut tree" derives from the irregular shape of the seeds: a puzzle can be made shuffling the seeds and attempting to reassemble them in the original spherical arrangement. (53)

Botany
Piyagaw is a small tree growing 3 to 12 meters high. Leaves are abruptly pinnate, with pairs of leaflets which are elliptic or obovate, 8 to 18 centimeters long, 4 to 8 centimeters wide, with a pointed base and rounded tip. Flowers are small and white, 4-parted, borne on short terminal or axillary (upper) panicles. Fruit is spherical, 9 to 12 centimeters in diameter, with 6 to 12 seeds. Pericarp is hard and fibrous, splitting into 4 valves. Seeds are angled, with a spongy integument.

X. moluccensis is similar to Xylocarpus granatum (piyagaw). X. granatum has larger fruit, smooth, patchy bark, buttresses and plant-like aerial roots. X. moluccensis has a smaller fruit, with conical pneumatophores. (1)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Throughout the Philippines in mangrove swamps, bordering tidal streams.
- Also native to Andaman Is., Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Is., Comoros, Fiji, Hainan, Jawa, Lesser Sunda is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam, etc.

Constituents
- Solid fat, 40-60%; tannin.
- The seeds, fruits and stems yield a large number of limonoids.
- Phytochemical exam of fruits of X. granatum isolated five new protolimonoids, protoxylocarpins A-E, and two new limonoids, xylocarpins J and K, together with xyloccensis M and Y. (8)
- Seeds yielded 13 compounds: a new one, indiangranatumin A, together with known compounds swietemahonolide, febrifugin ,khayasin T, febrifugin A , gedunin, isolariciresinol, phaseic acid, aromadendrin, 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid,and xylogranatinin. (9)
- Methanolic extract yielded carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids. Alkaloids and glycosides were not found in the extract.
- Study of seed yielded a new glyceride, 1,3-di-(16'-acetoxy-palmitoyl)-glycerol ( 1), and a known ceramide, (2 S,3 S,4 R,8 E)-2-[(2' R)-hydroxypalmitoylamino]-8-tetracosene-1,3,4-triol ( 2). (18)
- Study of stem bark yielded a new flavonol derivative dihydrocaffeic acid-(3→8)-epicatechin together with two known derivatives, (+)-catechin and catechin-(4β→8)-catechin. (see study below) (19)
- Study for chemical constituents of fruit yielded ten compounds identified as: spicatin (1), xyloccensin K(2), 6-acetoxycedrodorin (3), aurantiamide acetate (4), (+)-catechin (5), alpha-tocopherol (6), abscisic acid (7), daucosterol (8), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (9) and ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (10). (20)
- Phytochemical screening yielded major constituents viz., alkaloids, steroids, tannins, triterpenes, limonoids, flavonoids, saponins. Various compounds isolated with known biologic activities were: 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, ethyl 3,4- dihydroxybenzoate, xylogranatinin, granatoin, N-Methyl indersine, β-Sitosterol, β -Sitosterol β -D-glucoside, Methyl angolensate, Gedunin and 1α-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrogedu., xyloccensin O, xyloccensin P , xyloccensin Q, Catechin, epicatechin, procyanidins of the B, trimer and pentamer xyloccensins O-P, xyloccensins Q-V, Xyloccensin L, xyloccensin K, xyloccensin IJ. Chelerythrine and dihydrochelerythrine.      (22)
- Fruit yielded two new mexicanolides: 3-deacetyl xyloccensin M and 3-deacetyl xyloccensin N. (25)
- Study of twigs and leaves isolated eight new tetratriterpenoids viz., 9-epixylogranatin A (1), Xylogranatumin A (2), 6-O-acetyl xylocarpin D (3), 14-Hydroxy-14,15-dihydrogranatumin C (4), 30-O-tigloylhainangranatumin J (5), 9-O-methyl xylogranatin R (6), 30-O-acetylhainangranatumin E (7), 1,2-Dihydro-3α-hydroxy-turranolide (8), together with four related known compounds (9-12). (see study below) (26)
- Study of fruits for fatty acids yielded eleven kinds of fatty acids, 5 were unsaturated, total amount was 81.97%, with the highest content composed of 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid. (29)
- Study isolated two new mexicanolides, grantumins H and I (1 and 2), and two phragmalins, named granatumins J and K (2 and 5) from the seeds. (33)
- Study of fruits isolated nine new limonoids, xylocarpins AI (1-5, 7-10), along with nine known limonoids. Xylocarpins A-E were designated polyoxyphragmalins, while xylocarpins F-H represented mexicanolides. (35)

Properties
- Bitter, astringent, anti-diarrhetic.
- Bark and root considered astringent.
- Studies have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimalarial, antidiarrheal, antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, cardiotonic, tyrosinase inhibitory, antifilarial, antitumor, neuroprotective properties.

Parts used
Fruits, bark, leaves, seeds.

Uses
Folkloric
- Fruits or seeds , powdered or decoction, are used for diarrhea.
- In Tonga, the bark is used for candidiasis, scabies, baby rash, stomach pains, constipation.
- In Malaya, used for cholera, colic diarrhea, and other abdominal affections.
- In Fiji, bark used for headaches, fatigue, candidiasis (leaves and bark), joint pains, chest pains and buccal pains.
- In east India and Sri Lanka, seed paste used for breast tumors. Roots used as remedy for cholera and dysentery. (15)
- Also used for replapsing sickness.
- In Bangladesh, used for gastrointestinal disturbances such as cholera, dysentery, diarrhea; also for fever.
Others
- Wood: Used for boat building, furniture, and a fuel bark.
- Tanning: Bark used for tanning.
- Illuminant: Seed oil used for illumination

Studies
• Antimicrobial: Study of crude extract of X. granatum showed significant antimicrobial activity against S epidermis, S aureus, Shigella boydii and Proteus spp and moderate activity against E coli and S pyogenes. (1)
• Antioxidant / Flavonols: Methanol extract showed to be rich in flavan-3-ols and procyanidins. It exhibited excellent DPPH radical scavenging and 15-lipoxygenase inhibiting activities attributed to the high content of catechins and procyanidins.
• Phragmalins: Study isolated three new polyhydroxylated phragmalins, named xyloccensins Y, Z1 and Z2 from the fruit of Xylocarpus granatum, with eight known compounds. (5)
• Antidiarrheal / Bark: Study of methanol extract of XG bark for in experimental diarrhea induced by castor oil and magnesium sulfate in mice showed significant dose-dependent antidiarrheal activity and supports its use in traditional herbal medicine. (6)
• Antibacterial: Study of methanol extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and gram negative bacteria Proteus vulgaris. (12)
• Antibacterial / Bark: Antimicrobial screening showed the crude ethanol extract and partial fraction of barks showed significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermis, S. aureus, Shigella boydii and Proteus spp. and moderate activity against E. coli, Streptococcus pyogenes. (13) A methanol extract of Xylocarpus granatum stem bark showed potent wheat rootlet and shoot growth inhibitory activity in a concentration related manner. The methanol extract showed antibacterial activity (MIC > 3 mg/ml) against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. Results suggest the bioactive principle(s) of X. granatum may be relatively non polar compound(s). (31)
• Antimalarial / Gedunin and Xyloccensin-I / Fruits: Study evaluated the antimalarial activity of Xylocarpus granatum fruits and their active constituents. A chloroform fraction showed promising anti-malarial activity in an in vitro model of Plasmodium falcifarum. Gedunin and xyloccensin-I, pure compounds isolated from the active fraction, showed activity equivalent to the parent active fraction in vitro model. (14) Study evaluated the antimalarial activity of X. granatum fruits and their active constituents gedunin and xyloccensin-I using an in vitro model. The chloroform fraction of X. granatum fruits showed promising antimalarial activity using an in vitro model of Plasmodium falcifarum. Four pure compounds were isolated, namely, gedunin, photogedunin, xyloccensin-I and palmitic acid. Only gedunin and xyloccensin-I showed activity equivalent to the parent active fraction in vitro model. (34)
• Antidiarrheal / Antimicrobial / Bark and Leaves: An ethanolic extract of bark and leaf showed antidiarrheal activity in castor oil induced diarrheal rats in a dose-dependent manner. The bark extract showed gram positive antibacterial activity and anti-yeast activity. (15)
• Cardiotonic / Bark: Study evaluated the cardiotonic activity of an alcoholic bark extract of Xylocarpus granatum. Extract showed dose dependent positive ionotropic effect on normal and hypodynamic frog heart. There was also dose dependent inhibition of Na, K ATPase activity. The cardiotonic activity is similar to the mechanism of digoxin (inhibition of Na, K ATPase enzyme activity). (16)
• Antihyperglycemic/ Antidyslipidemic / Fruits: Study of ethyl acetate fraction of fruits of X. granatum and X. moluccensis showed both are effective in improving glucose tolerance, decreasing blood glucose, serum cholesterol and triglycerides in STZ-induced diabetic rats and dyslipidemic hamsters. There was also increase glucose uptake by L6 skeletal muscle cells. (17) A 50% aqueous extract of epicarp of fruits of X. granatum given orally at dose of 500 mg/kg showed significant antidyslipidemic activity in a hamster model. Among four fractions tested, the chloroform soluble fraction showed highly significant lipid lowering at 50 mg/kg. Purification yielded four compounds and gedunin alone showed promising activity even at 25 mg/kg dose. (41)
• Antioxidant / Flavanol / Stem Bark: Study of stem bark yielded a new flavanol derivative dihydrocaffeic acid-(3→8)-epicatechin together with two known derivatives, (+)-catechin and catechin-(4β→8)-catechin were isolated from the stem bark. Catechin-(4β→8)-catechin showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 4.5 µg/mL. (19)
• Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activity / Seed Kernel: Study evaluated various extracts of seed kernel for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. A methanol extract showed best activity on inhibition of monophenolase and diphenolase activity. The extract also showed antioxidant activity with IC50 of 10.61 ± 2.1µg/mL. Results showed the seed kernel has potential as tyrosinase inhibitor and antioxidant agent.     (21)
• Antifilarial / Genudin and Photogedunin: Study in experimental rodent host evaluating the antifilarial activity of X. granatum showed the fruit extract contains promising in vitro and in vivo antifilarial activity against human lymphatic filarial parasite B. malayi. Results showed antifilarial activity primarily localized in the ethyl acetate soluble fraction with IC50 of 8.5 and 6.9 µg/ml in adult worms and microfilaria, respectively. The activity was attributed to two pure compounds gedunin and photogedunin. (23)
• Xylocarpin H / Limonoid / Antidepressant: Study of Xylocarpin H, a limonoids from X. granatum, showed antidepressant-like effects in mouse forced swimming and tail suspension tests. The antidepressant activity in mouse behavioral models of depression was likely through inhibition of HPA axis systems. Results suggest a potential as novel antidepressant candidate for treatment of depression and related disorders. (24)
• Tetratriterpenoids / Neuroprotective: Study of twigs and leaves isolated eight new tetratriterpenoids (1-8), together with four related known compounds (9-12). Compounds 11 and 12 displayed moderate effects against h2o2-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. (see constituents above) (26)
• Xylogranatins / Antifeedants / Seeds: Study of seeds yielded 13 limonoids, xylogranatins F-R (1-13). The structure of the compounds suggest a new biogenetic pathway to tetranortriterpenoids. Xylogranatins F, G, and R exhibited marked antifeedant activity against the third larvae of Mythimma separata. The most potent was xylogranatin G. (27)
• Xylogranin B / Wnt Signal Inhibitory Limonoid / Cytotoxicity / Seeds: Study isolated xylogranin B (compound 2) from X. granatum leaves. Compound 2 inhibited TCF/ß-catenin transcriptional activity (IC50 48.9 nM) and exhibited strong cytotoxicity against colon cancer cell lines. Compound 2 significantly decreased ß-catenin levels in nuclei which in Wnt signal inhibitory effects. (28)
• Anti-Nutritional Properties / Fruits: Study evaluated the anti-nutritional properties of four edible mangrove fruits. The fruit of X. granatum exhibited the highest level of oxalate content (1.68 ± 0.25 mg/g dry wt.) and highest tannin content (0.89 ± 0.01 TAE g/g dry wt.). Phytate content was 0.054 ± 0.002 mg/g dry wt. while saponin content was 0.022 ± 0.01 g/g dry wt. (30)
• Amelioration of Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress Associated Diabetic Complications / Bark: Study evaluated the in vitro antidiabetic (α-glucosidase inhibition assay) and antioxidant (ABTS scavenging and metal chelating assay) activities of various extracts of leaves and bark extracts in STZ induced diabetic mice. Ethanol bark extracts (XGEB) showed higher in vitro a-amylase inhibition and ABTS scavenging activities. The XGEB treatment also resulted in significant decrease (p<0.05) in blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT and urea levels. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of simple polyphenols, isoflavone, and flavonol-like compounds. Results demonstrated the beneficial effect of XGEB in controlling hyperglycemia and ameliorating oxidative stress associated diabetic complications. (32)
• Hept Hormone / Treatment of Tumors / Invention: The invention relates to a newly isolated triterpene xylocarpus granatum heptyl hormone from X. granatum, its use in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of tumors. Repeated experiments have indicated the compound has significant inhibition of tumor cell activity. (36)
• Antioxidant / Stem Bark: Study evaluated X. granatum stem bark for secondary metabolite content and antioxidant activity. Secondary metabolite analysis yielded alkaloid, flavonoid, steroids, polyphenols, and tannin. Antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging showed IC50 value of 31 µg/mL methanol extract, 44.35 µg/mL ethyl acetate extract, 159.82 µg/mL n-hexane extract, n-hexane fraction 87.6 µg/mL, ethyl acetate fraction 49.31 µg/mL, and water fraction 41.1 µg/mL, and ascorbic acid as standard 8.13 µg/mL. (37)
• Stigmasterol / Anticancer / Hela and MCF-7 Cells / Fruit: Study reports on the anticancer screening of stigmasterol isolated from the fruit of X. granatum using Hela and MCF-7 cells. The compound showed good activity against Hela cells compared to MCF-7 cells. (38)
• Biological Activities of Limonoids, Catechins, Procyanidins / Bark:Procyanidins and catechins were found in high amounts in a methanol bark extract of X. granatum. Catechins, procyanidins, limonoids, and plant extracts were evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging activity and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibiting effects. Catechins and procyanidins exhibited high activity. Procyanidin of the pentamer type was most potent (DPPH IC50 3.3 ± 0.3 µM, 15-LO 0 ± 1 µM). Extracts were found to have antibacterial activity. (39)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Polysaccharide / Antimicrobial / Leaves: Study reports on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using polysaccharide extracted from leaves of X. granatum. Polysaccharide-based metallic NPs have increasing commercial demand because of wide applicability such as electronics, chemistry, energy, cosmetics, and medicine. The polysaccharide acts as reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized NPs were very effective as antimicrobial agent against come important human pathogens such as E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. typhi. The NPs also showed sporicidal activity. The NPs can also reduce microbial load by decreasing microorganisms in sewage water. Effectiveness was compared with Cipran-500. (40)
• Gedunin / Limonoid / Inhibition of CaCo-2 Colon Cancer Cell Line / Bark: Study yielded two limonoids from the bark of X. granatum, gedunin and 1a-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrogedunin. Traditionally, gedunin has been used as an astringent and febrifuge, and for treatment of fever, malaria, thrush, cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea. Study evaluated the cytotoxic potential of gedunin using CaCo-2 colon cancer cell line (IC50 = 16.83 µM). (43)
• Gastroprotective / Antiulcer / Gedunin and Photogedunin / Anti-Secretory / Fruit: Study evaluated the gastroprotective mechanism of X. granatum fruit. A chloroform fraction (FrCHCl3) was evaluated against cold-restraint (CRU), aspirin (AS) alcohol (AL) and pyloric ligation (PL) induced gastric ulcer models in rats and histamine (HA) induced duodenal ulcer model in guinea pigs. Results showed potential anti-ulcer activity against CRU (58.28%), AS (67.81%), AL (84.38%), PL (65.66%) and HA (61.93%) induced ulcer models. Activity was compared to Omeprazole and Sucralfate.  Phytochemical study of FrCHCl3 yielded gedunin (36%) and photogedunin (2%). FrCHCl3, gedunin, and photogedunin significantly inhibited H+K+-ATPase activity in vitro with IC50s of 89.37, 56.86, and 66.54 µg/mL respectively, compared to omeprazole (30.24 µg/ml) confirming their antisecretory activity. (46)
• Anticancer / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study of ethyl acetate extract of leaves yielded phenolic compounds and several organic and amino acids as byproducts, such as succinic acid and acetic acid. Traces of flavonoids and non-categorized phenolic compounds exhibited intermediate antioxidant activity (IC50 84.93 ppm) and anticancer activity against HeLa, T47D, and HT-29 cell lines. Fraction 5 showed strongest anticancer activity (IC50 23.12 ppm). (47)
• Cipadesin A / Antidepressant: Study evaluated the potential antidepressant-like effects of cipadesin A,  a limonoids extracted from X. granatum, in acute stress-induced depression mouse models using forced-swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open-field test (OFT). Results showed cipadesin A significantly reduced floating time in the FST and immobility time in TST. It dose-dependently increased the time in central zone in the OFT without alt3ring locomotor activity. Treatment significantly increased the levels of serum corticosterone and ACTH. The antidepressant-like effects occurred likely via inhibition of the HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis activity in response to stress. (48)
• Burn Wound Healing / Antioxidant / Seeds: Study evaluated the effect of XG extract seed creams (10 and 15% concentration) on burn wound grade IIA in mice. Treatment with 15% cream promoted significant burn wound healing by increasing wound contraction rate, proliferation of fibroblasts, and re-epithelization. The XG extract also showed very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 7.939 ppm). (49)
• Burn Wound Healing / Antioxidant / Fruit: Study evaluated lotions made of mangrove fruit extract (XG)  and a mixture of fruit extract and sodium alginate extract lotion as topical on incision cut wound on mice abdominal area. Results showed the XG extract lotion displayed significant antimicrobial activity against both pathogenic microbe species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermis) and did not conflict with the antimicrobial activity found in the sodium alginate lotion. The mix of XG mangrove fruit and sodium alginate showed most potency in wound treatment. (50)
• Gedunin / Antiproliferative in Ovarian Cancer Cells: Gedunin is a natural tetranoterpenoid secondary metabolite found in plants of the Meliaceae family, which has been reported for its anticancer activities. Study reported on the molecular mechanisms underlying the in vitro anti-proliferative activity of gedunin isolated from XG in human ovarian cancer cells. The gedunin triggered severe ROS generation leading to DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase thus inhibiting cell proliferation. ROS upregulation led to mitochondrial stress and membrane depolarization, which eventually resulted in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Gedunin is also an inhibitor of the evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperone Heat Shock Protein 90 (hsp90) responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis, and targeting this chaperone can be an attractive strategy for developing cancer therapeutics. The study provides insights into the molecular mechanism of action of gedunin, which may aid drug development efforts against ovarian cancer. (52)

Availability
Wild-crafted.

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE CRUDE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF XYLOCARPUS GRANATUM STEM BARKS / M. A. Alam, M. Sarder, M. A. Awal, M. M. H. Sikder and K. A. Daulla / Bangl. J. Vet. Med. 2006; 4(1): pp 69–72
(2)
NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC BIOGEOGRAPHY OF MANGROVES IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC
(3)
Chemical and biological studies of medicinal plants from the Sundarbans mangrove forest / Wangensteen H et al / Advances in Phytotherapy Research, 2009: 59-78
(4)
Cytotoxic Effects of Bangladeshi Medicinal Plant Extracts / Uddin S J et al / Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009 Aug 25
(5)
Polyhydroxylated Phragmalins from the Fruit of a Chinese Mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum / Yuan Zhou, Fan Cheng, Jun Wu and Kun Zou / J. Nat. Prod., 2006, 69 (7), pp 1083–1085 / DOI: 10.1021/np050545c
(6)
Assessment of antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of Xylocarpus granatum bark in mice model / Razina Rouf, Shaikh Jamal Uddin, Jamil Ahmad Shilpi, Mahiuddin Alamgir / Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 12 February 2007; 109(3): pp 539-542 / doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.015
(7)
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Screening of Xylocarpus Sp. Crude Extracts Against Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line (HepG2) / A S Nur Khairina, A F A Fuad et al / UMTAS 2011
(8)
Protolimonoids and Limonoids from the Chinese Mangrove Plant Xylocarpus granatum / Jianxin Cui, Zhiwei Deng, Minjuan Xu et al / Helvetica Chimica Acta, Volume 92, Issue 1, pages 139–150, January 2009 / DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200800177
(9)
Chemical constituents in seeds of Indian mangrove Xylocarpus granatum / Yang Xiao-bo, Yang Shen-xin et al / DOI: CNKI:SUN:ZCYO.0.2010-06-004
(10)
Xylocarpus granatum K. D. Koenig (accepted name) / Chinese names / Catalogue of Life, China
(11)
Xylocarpus granatum J. König - MELIACEAE - Dicotyledon / Checklist of Mangrove species of South East India and Sri Lanka
(12)
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, PLANT GROWTH INHIBITION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY STUDIES OF XYLOCARPUS GRANATUM / A F M SHAHID-UD-DAULA AND MOHAMMAD ANWARUL BASHER / Malaysian Journal Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2009; 7(1): pp 9–21
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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE CRUDE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF XYLOCARPUS GRANATUM STEM BARKS / M. A. Alam, M. Sarder, M. A. Awal, M. M. H. Sikder and K. A. Daulla / Bangl. J. Vet. Med, 2006; 4(1): pp 69–72 / DOI: 10.3329/bjvm.v4i1.1529
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Antimalarial activity in Xylocarpus granatum (Koen) / Vijai Lakshmi, Shishir Srivastava, Sunil Kumar Mishra, Mahendra Nath Srivastava, Kumkum Srivastava & Sunil Kumar Puri /  Natural Product Research, 2012; Volume 26, Issue 11 / DOI:10.1080/14786419.2010.535000
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Antidiarrheal and Antimicrobial Activities of Bark and Leaf Extracts of Xylocarpus granatum Koenig / P. Rajeswara Rao , Y. Trilochana , K. K. Chaitanya / Journal of Natural Remedies, June 2003; Vol 3, Issue 2 / https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2003/156
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Cardiotonic Activity of Alcoholic Bark Extract of Xylocarpus Granatum with Emphasis on Its Mechanism of Action / Y. Trilochana, P. Sowjanya, G.P.V. Sangeetha, P. Rajeswara Rao, Prof. P. Rajeswara Rao / Iosr Journal Of Pharmacy, Volume 3, Issue 1 (February 2013), Pp 04-09
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ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTIDYSLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY IN ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF THE FRUITS OF XYLOCARPUS GRANATUM AND XYLOCARPUS MOLUCCENSIS / Swayam Prakash Srivastava, Neha Rahuja, Savita Srivastava, Akhilesh Kumar Tamrakar, Sunil Kumar Mishra, Shishir Srivastava, Vijai Lakshmi, Mahendra Nath Srivastava, Arvind Kumar Srivastava / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 7, Issue 2, 2015
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A new glyceride from the seeds of Xylocarpus granatum / Huo, Changhong; Zhang, Qing; Wu, Yibing; Ge, Ying; Wang, Yufang; Zhang, Manli; Li, Ligeng; Shi, Qingwen / Chemistry of Natural Compounds; Jan 2013, Vol. 48, Issue 6, p 934
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Flavanol derivatives with antioxidant activity from the stem bark of Xylocarpus granatum / Musa CHACHA / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 4(2): 371-376, April 2010
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Studies on the chemical constituents of the fruit of Xylocarpus granatum / Cheng F, Zhou Y, Zou K, Wu J. / Zhong Yao Cai. 2009 Aug;32(8):1220-3.
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The Study of Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Activity of Xylocarpus Granatum Koenig Seed Kernel Extract toward Evidence Based Indigenous Knowledge from Togean Archipelago, Indonesia / Zamani NP*, Gazali M and Batubara I / J Marine Sci Res Dev 5:168. doi:10.4172/2155-9910.1000168
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Ethnomedicinal, Antimicrobial and Antidiarrhoeal Studies on the Mangrove Plants of the Genus Xylocarpus: A Mini Review / Swagat Kumar Das, Dibyajyoti Samantaray and Hrudayanath Thatoi* / J Bioanal Biomed 2014 / http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948-593X.S12-004
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Gedunin and photogedunin of Xylocarpus granatum possess antifilarial activity against human lymphatic filarial parasite Brugia malayi in experimental rodent host / Sweta MisraMeenakshi Verma, Sunil Kumar Mishra, Shishir Srivastava, Vijai Lakshmi, Shailja Misra-Bhattacharya / Parasitol Res (2011) 109: 1351. / doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2380-x
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Xylocarpin H, a Limonoid of Xylocarpus granatum, Produces Antidepressant-Like Activities in Mice / Xi Yin, Xin Li, Yaoguang Hao, Yiwen Zhao, Jinghong Zhou, Haishui Shi / Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 2015, 5: pp 524-532 / DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbbs.2015.511050
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Two New Mexicanolides from the Fruit of the Chinese Mangrove Xylocarpus granatum / Jun Wu/ Si Zhang, Yang Song, Zhihui Xiao, Qiang Xiao, Qingxin Li / Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, A Journal of Chemical Sciences, Volume 60, Issue 12 (Dec 2005)
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Novel and Neuroprotective Tetranortriterpenoids from Chinese Mangrove Xylocarpus granatum Koenig /
Zhen-Fang Zhou, Tibor Kurtán, Attila Mándi, Yu-Cheng Gu, Li-Gong Yao, Guo-Rong Xin, Xu-Wen Li & Yue-Wei Guo / Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 33908 (2016) / doi:10.1038/srep33908
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Xylogranatins F–R: Antifeedants from the Chinese Mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum, A New Biogenetic Pathway to Tetranortriterpenoids / Jun Wu Dr., Si Zhang Prof., Torsten Bruhn Dr., Qiang Xiao Dr., Haixin Ding, Gerhard Bringmann Prof. Dr. / Chemisty: A European Journal / DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700663
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Xylogranin B: A Potent Wnt Signal Inhibitory Limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum / Kazufumi Toume, Kentaro Kamiya, Midori A. Arai, Naomi Mori, Samir K. Sadhu, Firoj Ahmed, and Masami Ishibashi* / Org. Lett., 2013, 15 (23), pp 6106–6109 / DOI: 10.1021/ol4029995
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Analysis of Fatty Acid of Fruits of Xylocarpus granatum with GC-MS / XU Hui-wang,WU Jun,CHENG Fan, ZOU Kun, ZHOU Yuan / Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae, 2013-07
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Assessment of anti-nutritional properties in four edible fruits of mangroves of Odisha coast / Pramodini Rout, Nikhil Kumar and Uday Chand Basak* / Int.J.Curr.Biotechnol., August 2015; Volume 3; Issue 8
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Bioactivity of two medicinal plant Xylocarpus granatum Koen. (Meliaceae) and Sarcolobus globosus Wall. (Asclepiadaceae) of Sundarbans mangrove forest / Mahiuddin Alamgir, Ma Rob, D C Kundu, M M Sarder / Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, Dec 2007; 7(4): pp 379-384 / DOI: 10.3742/OPEM.2007.7.4.379
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Effect of Xylocarpus granatum Bark Extract on Amelioration of Hyperglycaemia and Oxidative Stress Associated Complications in STZ-Induced Diabetic Mice / Swagat Kumar Das, Arpita Prusty, Dibyajyoti Samantaray, Mojeer Hasan, Srikanta Jena, Jayanta Kumar Patra, Luna Samanta, and HrudayanathThatoi / Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2019 /
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8493190
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New Limonoids from the Seeds of a Krishna Mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum / Hongliang Chen, Jing Zhang, Min-Yi Li, Tirumani Satyanandamurty, Jun Wu / Chemistry & Biodiversity, April 2013; 10(4): pp 612-629 /  https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201200021
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Antimalarial activity in Xylocarpus granatum (Koen). / V G Ishwarya Lakshmi, Shishir Kumar Srivastava, Sunil K Puti et al / Natural Product Research, 2012 / DOI:10.1080/14786419.2010.535000
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Xylocarpins A−I, Limonoids from the Chinese Mangrove Plant Xylocarpus granatum / Jianxin Cui, Jun Wu,
Zhiwei Deng, Peter Proksch, Wenhan Lin / J. Nat. Prod., 2007; 70(5): pp 772-778 / https://doi.org/10.1021/np060622j
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Xylocarpus granatum hept hormone and its preparation and use / CN103864876B / China
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Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity Stem Bark Extract of Xylocarpus Granatum from Nothern Buton / Arman Rusman, Sriwulan Purnamasari and Haeruddin / 11th International Conference on Chemical, Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Sciences, 2018; April 17-19, Kyoto, Japan
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Anti-Cancer Activity of Stigmasterol Of Xylocarpus Granatum In Cytotoxicity Studies Using Hela And Mcf-7 Cells / Karnati Rajeswari, T Bhaskara Rao, SharmaGV R and Murali Krishna R / Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Aug 2018; 7(1) / DOI: 10.19080/OMCIJ.2018.07.555719
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Biological Activities of Limonoids, Catechins, Procyanidins and Extracts from Xylocarpus granatum / Helle Wangensteen et al / Natural Product Communication / https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0600101113
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AG-NANOPARTICLES BASED ON POLYSACCHARIDE ISOLATED FROM THE LEAVES OF XYLOCARPUS GRANATUM AND THEIR STUDY ON MICROBES AND COMPARISON WITH CIPRAN 500 / GAJENDRA NATH MAITY AND SOUMITRA MONDAL / Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences Paper, 2017; 19)2): pp 397-403 
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Potent antidyslipidemic property in gedunin from the fruits of Xylocarpus granatum / Vijai Lakshmi, Anju Puri / Natural Products, An Indian Journal, 2013; 9(2): pp 61-64
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SR: Effect of different solvents extraction on recovery of pigments in Xylocarpus granatum, endangered medicinal plant / Hasni, Z. and Yaacob, J.S. and Yusoff, A.I.M. and Taha, R.M. and Ali Ahmed, A.B. and Yahya, R. and Ramesh, K. / Materials Research Innovations, 15 (SUPPL.). S141-S143.
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Enzymatic Activity of Endophytic Bacterial Isolates from Selected Mangrove Plants in Kenya / Regina M. Ntabo, Anthony Kebira Nyamache, Wilber Lwande, James Kabii, James Nonoh /
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Gedunin, a limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum, inhibits the growth of CaCo‐2 colon cancer cell line In Vitro / Shaikh J Uddin, Lutfun Nahar, Jamil A Shilpi, Mohammad Shoeb et al / Phytotherapy Research, Aug 2007; 21(8): pp 757-761 / https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2159
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Xylocarpus granatum / Kew: Plants of the World Online
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Gedunin and Photogedunin of Xylocarpus granatum show significant anti-secretory effects and protect the gastric mucosa of peptic ulcer in rats / V Lakshmi, N Singh, S Shrivastva, S K Mishra, P Dharmani, V Mishra, G Palit / Phytomedicine, 2010; 17(8-9): pp 569-574
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Evaluation of Indonesian mangrove Xylocarpus granatum leaves ethyl acetate extract as potential anticancer drug / Jason Darmadi, Razethy Rahayu Batubara, Knoliw Abdurachim Audah et al / Scientific Reports, 2021; 11: Article No 6080 / DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85383-3
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Cipadesin A, a bioactive ingredient of Xylocarpus granatum, produces antidepressant-like effects in adult mice / Qiang Gao, Yuan Gao, Han Song, Haishui Shi, Yuxia Ma et al / Neuroscience Letters, 2016; Vol 633: pp 33-39 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.062
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The Effect of Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig Seed Extract Cream on the Number of Fibroblast and Re-Epithelialization in IIA Degree Burn Wound Healing  / I Gusti Agung Ayu Kusuma Wardani, Dwi Arymbhi Sanjaya, Ni Made Dharma Shantini Suena and Ni Putu Udayana Antari / Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 2022; 33(4): pp 653-665
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Xylocarpus granatum Mangrove Fruit Extract and Sodium Alginate Extract Lotion as Potent Wound Treatment Medicine / DELIANIS PRINGGENIES, ERVIA YUDIATI, RINI WIDIYADMI, AMELIA C. ANGGELINA, MUHAMMAD S. BAHRY / Jurnal Biologi Papua, 2021; 13(1): pp 67-73 / pISSN: 2086-3314 / eISSN: 2503-0450 / DOI: 10.31957/jbp.1114
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Suggested Reading: Optimization Extraction of Xylocarpus granatum Stem as Antioxidant and Antiglycation / Eka Winami Sapitri et al / HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 2019; 26(2) / pISSN: 1978-3019 / eISSN: 2086-4094 / DOI: 10.4308/hjb.26.2.50
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Gedunin isolated from the mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum exerts its anti-proliferative activity in ovarian cancer cells through G2/M-phase arrest and oxidative stress-mediated intrinsic apoptosis /  Rohit Sahai, Arindam Bhattacharjee, Vishwa Nath Shukla, Kalyan Mitra et al / Apoptosis, 2020; 25: pp 481-499 /
DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01605-5
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Xylocarpus granatum / Wikipedia

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