Gen info
- Pseudognophalium luteoalbum is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.
- Members of the genus are commonly called cudweeds.
- The species was first published by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 Species Plantarum, under the name Gnaphalium luteo-album. In 1829, Ludwig Reichenbach transferred it to Helichrysum, but not taken up, and was retained in Gnaphalium until 1981, when Olive Mary Hilliard and Brian Laurence Burtt transferred it into Pseudognophalium. (13)
- Etymology: The specific epithet luteoalbum derives from Latin, meaning "pale yellow". (13)

Botany
• Badok is a woolly, extremely variable annual herb, 10 to 40 centimeters in height. Leaves are woolly on both surfaces, linear-spatulate or oblong-spatulate, 2.5 to 5 centimeters long, 0.4 to 1 centimeter wide, and blunt-tipped. Inflorescences are terminal, bearing crowded clusters of glistening, yellow heads. Involucral bracts are oblong. Achenes are ribbed or tubercled and have minute curved bristles.

•  Annual herb to 50 cm tall, all parts whitish-woolly. Stems usually several from the base, decumbent at first, later erect. Leaves sessile, up to 8 × 1 cm at base, oblanceolate, becoming smaller and lanceolate or linear above, greyish or whitish tomentose or arachnoid, on both sides; margin entire. Inflorescence consisting of dense clusters of capitula 1-several together in terminal corymbs. Involucres 3-4 mm in diameter; phyllaries in c. 3 rows, pale brown to whitish. Outer female florets very numerous, whitish. Bisexual disk florets cylindric. Achenes ellipsoid, papillose. Pappus of numerous soft bristles. (Flora of Zimbabwe)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- In open places, along trails, sunny places, talus slopes, etc; chiefly at medium altitudes, ascending to 2,400 meters.
- In Ifugao, Lepanto, Bontoc, Benguet Subprovinces; in Cagayan, Pangasinan and the Camarines Provinces in Luzon.
- Also native to  Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Assam, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Central European Russia, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Free State, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Gulf States, Hainan, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Jawa, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kriti, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Lebanon-Syria, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Madeira, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, North Caucasus, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Queensland, Romania, Réunion, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sicilia, Sinai, South Australia, South European Russia, Spain, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Tasmania, Transcaucasus, Tubuai Is., Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Victoria, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Western Australia, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. (7)

Constituents
- Study has yielded protective flavonoids, calycopterin and 3'-methoxycalycopterin from the leaf wax.
- Crude extracts yielded 5,4′-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranosideflavone (hispidulin-7-O-glucopyranoside) (1) and stigmasterol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (2). (See study below) (6)
- Phytochemical screening of the plant revealed alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, glucoside resins, phytosterins, terpenoids and fixed oils. (9)
- Three flavonols, structurally related to each other, were isolated from leaves: gnaphaliin, calycopterin and 3’-Methoxycalycopterin. Chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid were also isolated from the leaves. (9)
- GC and GC/MS analysis for essential oil yielded 44 compounds, representing 70.6% of total oil with 4.4% monterpene hydrocarbons, 5.0% oxygenated monoterpenes, 14.7% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 3.6% oxygenated sesquiterpenes, 29.1% aliphatic compounds, 10.4% fatty acids and esters, and 3.4% others. Main constituents were decanal (9.7%), ß-caryophyllene (8.0%), and α-gurjunene (6.4%). (9)

Parts used
Leaves.

Uses
Edibility
- Leaves, raw or cooked. (10)
- In Vietnam, the plant is used as plant ingredient, as in the rice cake banh khuc. (13)
Folkloric
- In the Punjab, leaves are used as vulnerary and astringent.
- In Pakistan, used as anti-diarrheal; infusion of aerial parts used as emmenagogue. Used by the Kavirajes of Chalna as tonic, and for tumor, gout, and dermatitis. In Belgium, used for treatment of cancer. (9)
- Used as a counter-irritant for gout.
- In Bangladesh, plant is used by the Garo tribe, crushed along with dried fish and applied as a poultice to heal fractured bones. (3)
- In Nigerian folk medicine used as antiabortive, cyanogenetic, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, intoxicant, blood tonic. Also used for treatment of cancer, epilepsy, flux, stomach ache, and malaria.
- In Pakistan, leaves used for treatment of asthma and breathing disorders. (14)
Others
- Tinder: Leaves used as tinder. (10)
- Fodder: Leaves used as fodder. (12)
- Ethnoveterinary: In Angola, leaves used in contagious pleuropneumonia in cattle and goats. (12)

Studies
• Flavonoids / Antiseptic: Study of aerial parts yielded flavonoid compounds 5, 7, 3, 4 tetrahydroxy flavone; 5, 3, 4 trihydroxy flavonol and 3, 5 dihydroxy flavonol. Flavonoids were investigated as antiseptic against 4 bacterial and 2 pathogenic fungal strains. (4)
• Antifungal: Study of acetone crude extract of leaves showed strong antifungal activity when tested against pathogenic plant fungi in vitro. No cytotoxicity of isolated compounds against Vero kidney cells was observed. (see constituents above) (6)
• Cytotoxicity / Leaves: Study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of crude methanol extract of leaves against healthy mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3), healthy monkey kidney (VERO), and four human cancer cell lines (gastric, AGS, colon, HT-29, and breast MCF-7 and MDAMB-231) using MTT assay. Results showed high cytotoxicity against AGS and MCF cell lines with IC50 0.98 and 0.34 mg/ml respectively. (9)
•  Antioxidant / Aerial Parts: Study evaluated the antioxidant potential of crude methanol extract and various fractions of aerial parts. Phytochemical screening of aerial parts confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, and saponins in the crude extract and all fractions.  The crude methanol extract (CME) showed highest scavenging activity (43.28%) with IC50 of 398.49 µg/mL in the DPPH radical scavenging assay. CME showed highest TPC (total phenolic content) of 115.96 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract. Results suggest CME of aerial parts can be used as natural source of antioxidants for prevention and slowing of oxidative stress related disorders. (15)

Availability
Wild-crafted.

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Review: Advances in flavonoid research since 1992 / Jeffry Harborne, Christine Williams / Phytochemistry 55 (2000) 481-504
(2)
PLANTS OF POTENTIAL MEDICINAL VALUE / uicnmed.org
(3)
Medicinal plants of the Garo tribe inhabiting the Madhupur forest region of Bangladesh / Manzur-ul-Kadir Mia, Mohammad Fahim Kadir et al / American-Euras ian Journal of Sus tainable Agriculture, 3(2): 165-171, 2009
(4)
Biochemical studies on Gnaphalium luteo album L. 2.-Flavonoids content [Egypt] / Hassan, R.A. (Mansoura Univ. (Egypt). Faculty of Agriculture) / Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Mansoura Univ. (1988)
(5)
A SURVEY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY KAVIRAJES OF CHALNA AREA, KHULNA DISTRICT, BANGLADESH / Mohammed Rahmatullah et al / Afr. J. Trad. CAM (2010) 7 (2): 91 - 97
(6)
In vitro antifungal activity of the acetone extract and two isolated compounds from the weed, Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum / M.A. Aderogba, L.J. McGaw, V.P. Bagla, J.N. Eloff, B.M. Abegaz / South African Journal of Botany, 2014; Volume 94: pp 74–78 / DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2014.06.003
(7)
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum / Synonyms / KEW: Plants of the World Online
(8)
Laphaangium lutealbum / Common names / Euro+Med PlantBase
(9)
The Medical Benefit of Gnaphalium Luteoalbum-A Review / Ali Esmail Al-Snafi / IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, May 2019; 9(5): pp 40-44 / eISSN: 2250-3013 / pISSN: 2319-4219
(10)
Gnaphalium luteoalbum / Practical Plants
(11)
Pseudognaphalium luteo album / / Christopheer Wiart / Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh and West Bengal: Botany, Natural Products. . .
(12)
Traditional knowledge on ethno-veterinary and fodder plants in South Angola: an ethnobotanic field survey in Mopane woodlands in Bibala, Namibe province / Piero Bruschi, Valeria Urso, David Solazzo, Matteo Tonini, Maria Adele Signorini / Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development - JAEID, 2017; 111(1): pp 105-121 / DOI: 10.12895/jaeid.20171.559
(13)
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum / Wikipedia
(14)
Traditional medicinal plants used for respiratory disorders in Pakistan: a review of the ethno-medicinal and pharmacological evidence / Alamgeer, Wagas Younis, Hira Asif et al / Chin Med., 2018; 13:48 /
DOI : 10.1186/s13020-018-0204-y
(15)
Inspection of phytochemical content and in vitro antioxidant profile of Gnaphalium luteoalbum L. An unexplored phytomedicine / Md Sahab Uddin, G M Sala Uddin, Mst Marium Begum et al / Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 2017; 7(3): pp 136-146 / DOI: 10.6000/1927-5951.2017.07.03.10

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)